Rx Semax

SECTION 05 / REFERENCES

Bibliography

Seventeen indexed Semax papers cited across this site, with PMID, DOI, source URL, and language note where the original is Russian.

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SECTION 01 / NOTES ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

The bibliography below lists every Semax paper cited across /index, /research, /dosage, /faq, and /about. Each entry carries a PubMed identifier (PMID) where one is indexed, a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) where one is published, and the canonical source URL.

Russian-language papers are flagged with an RU stamp chip. Where a Russian-language paper has an English translation in Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology or in a Western Springer translation series, that translation is noted in the citation. Where a Russian-language paper is reconstructed from secondary sources and has not been independently verified in PubMed at the time of writing, that uncertainty is flagged explicitly.

Outbound links go to PubMed, PMC, Springer Nature, ScienceDirect, or the journal of record. No links point to portfolio domains, vendor sites, or any commercial source.

SECTION 02 / GROUPING THE LITERATURE

The seventeen indexed papers cluster into four editorial groups corresponding to the site's four-accent legend.

Mechanism papers (sienna). The Dolotov 2006 hippocampal BDNF/TrkB study [1], the Dolotov 2006 basal-forebrain binding study [2], the Shadrina 2010 time-course gene-expression study [8], the Kost 2001 enkephalinase-inhibition study [9], the Sciacca 2022 copper-chelation and amyloid-beta study [12], and the 2025 Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine intracellular calcium study [17]. These establish the receptor, neurotrophin, ion-handling, and metal-chelation mechanism layers.

Preclinical evidence papers (teal). The Sudarkina 2021 ischemia protein-expression study [4], the Dmitrieva 2010 neurotrophin transcription study [5], the Medvedeva 2014 genome-wide RNA-Seq study [6], the Romanova 2006 focal photoinduced ischemia outcome study [7], the Manchenko 2010 nootropic and analgesic study [16], the Inozemtseva 2024 chronic unpredictable stress study [10], and the Liu 2025 spinal cord injury study [11].

Clinical evidence papers (teal). The Gusev 1997 acute hemispheric ischemic stroke study [3], the Gusev / Martynov recovery-phase BDNF study [14], and the Polunin 2000 glaucomatous optic neuropathy study [15].

Pharmacokinetic and route papers (orange). The Shevchenko 2006 intranasal brain-penetration kinetics study [13].

The numbered citations correspond to the [N] markers used inline throughout the site. The full bibliographic data for each — author list, journal, year, volume, PMID, DOI, source URL, and Russian-language flag where applicable — is rendered as a numbered stencil ledger immediately below this section in the assembled page.

SECTION 03 / RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE SOURCES

Five of the seventeen indexed papers are Russian-language originals: the Gusev 1997 acute ischemic stroke study [3], the Kost 2001 enkephalinase-inhibition study [9] (English translation available), the Gusev / Martynov recovery-phase study [14] (reconstructed from secondary sources, not independently verified in PubMed at the time of writing), the Polunin 2000 glaucoma study [15], and the Manchenko 2010 nootropic and analgesic study [16] (English translation in Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 2013).

Where the original is paywalled or not indexed for full-text English access, the citation links to the PubMed abstract or to the canonical journal record. Readers seeking the full Russian-language text typically access these papers through institutional library subscriptions to Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, Vestnik Oftalmologii, the Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, or via the Springer Nature English-translation series that mirrors the Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine and Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology.

  1. Dolotov OV, Karpenko EA, Inozemtseva LS, et al. Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus. Brain Research. 2006;1117(1):54-60. ↗
  2. Dolotov OV, Karpenko EA, Seredenina TS, et al. Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2006;97 Suppl 1:82-86. ↗
  3. Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Miasoedov NF, Nezavibat'ko VN, Zhuravleva EY, Vanichkin AV. Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study). Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 1997;97(6):26-34. [Russian] ↗
  4. Sudarkina OY, Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, et al. Brain Protein Expression Profile Confirms the Protective Effect of the ACTH(4-7)PGP Peptide (Semax) in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(12):6179. ↗
  5. Dmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, Skvortsova VI, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF, Dergunova LV. Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro Activate the Transcription of Neurotrophins and Their Receptor Genes after Cerebral Ischemia. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 2010;30(1):71-79. ↗
  6. Medvedeva EV, Dmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, Limborska SA, Skvortsova VI, Myasoedov NF, Dergunova LV. The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis. BMC Genomics. 2014;15:228. ↗
  7. Romanova GA, Silachev DN, Shakova FM, Kvashennikova YN, Viktorov IV, Shram SI, Myasoedov NF. Neuroprotective and antiamnesic effects of Semax during experimental ischemic infarction of the cerebral cortex. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2006;142(6):663-666. ↗
  8. Shadrina M, Kolomin T, Agapova T, Agniullin Y, Shram S, Slominsky P, Lymborska S, Myasoedov N. Comparison of the temporary dynamics of NGF and BDNF gene expression in rat hippocampus, frontal cortex, and retina under Semax action. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 2010;41(1):30-35. ↗
  9. Kost NV, Sokolov OYu, Gabaeva MV, Grivennikov IA, Andreeva LA, Myasoedov NF, Zozulia AA. Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2001;27(3):180-183. [Russian original; English translation available] ↗
  10. Inozemtseva LS, Yatsenko KA, Glazova NY, Kamensky AA, Myasoedov NF, Levitskaya NG, Grivennikov IA, Dolotov OV. Antidepressant-like and antistress effects of the ACTH(4-10) synthetic analogs Semax and Melanotan II on male rats in a model of chronic unpredictable stress. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2024;984:177068. ↗
  11. Liu R, Chen Y, Huang H, et al. Semax peptide targets the mu opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2025. ↗
  12. Sciacca MFM, Naletova I, Giuffrida ML, Attanasio F. Semax, a Synthetic Regulatory Peptide, Affects Copper-Induced Aβ Aggregation and Amyloid Formation in Artificial Membrane Models. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2022;13(4):486-496. ↗
  13. Shevchenko KV, Nagaev IY, Andreeva LA, Shevchenko VP, Myasoedov NF. Kinetics of semax penetration into the brain and blood of rats after its intranasal administration. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2006;32(1):64-70. ↗
  14. Gusev EI, Martynov MY, et al. Use of Semax in the recovery period of ischemic stroke (clinical efficacy and effect on BDNF). Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2018. [Russian; citation reconstructed from secondary sources and not independently verified in PubMed] ↗
  15. Polunin GS, Nurieva SM, Bagrov SN, Makashova NV, Boiko AV. Semax in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normalized ophthalmic tone. Vestnik Oftalmologii. 2000;116(1):15-18. [Russian] ↗
  16. Manchenko DM, Glazova NY, Levitskaya NG, Andreeva LA, Kamensky AA, Myasoedov NF. Nootropic and analgesic effects of Semax following different routes of administration. Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova. 2010. [Russian; English translation in Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 2013, DOI 10.1007/s11055-012-9562-6] ↗
  17. The Effect of Peptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue, on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2025. ↗
  18. Shevchenko KV, Nagaev IY, Andreeva LA, Shevchenko VP, Myasoedov NF. Stability of Semax acetyl to proteolysis in various biological media. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2013;449:98-100. ↗
  19. Effect of the heptapeptide Semax on the human electroencephalogram. Biulleten Eksperimentalnoi Biologii i Meditsiny. 1996;121(1):26-30. [Russian] ↗
  20. Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2020;490(1):11-14. ↗
  21. Eremin KO, Kudrin VS, Saransaari P, Oja SS, Grivennikov IA, Myasoedov NF, Rayevsky KS. Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents. Neurochemical Research. 2005;30(12):1493-1500. ↗
  22. Agapova TY, Agniullin YV, Silachev DN, Sharonova IN, Skrebitsky VG, Shram SI, Grivennikov IA, Myasoedov NF. Neurotrophin gene expression in rat brain under the action of Semax, an analogue of ACTH(4-10). Neuroscience Letters. 2007;417(2):201-205. ↗